運算式 13: left parenthesis, "X" plus "t" StartFraction, "v" Over "l" , EndFraction "A" cos left parenthesis, "X" minus "T" , right parenthesis , "A" sin left parenthesis, "X" minus "T" , right parenthesis negative "t" left parenthesis, StartFraction, "v" Over "l" , EndFraction plus "E" , right parenthesis , right parenthesisX+tvlAcosX−T,AsinX−T−tvl+E
13
運算式 14: "v" equals negative StartFraction, "E" Over "l" , EndFraction plus StartRoot, 1 minus "E" squared left parenthesis, 1 minus StartFraction, 1 Over "l" squared , EndFraction , right parenthesis , EndRootv=−El+1−E21−1l2
14
k = 1 - e² (1 - dot(N, I)²) R = e * I - (e * dot(N, I) + sqrt(k)) * N ...................................................
k = 1 - e² (1 - 1/l²) R = e Z - (e/l + sqrt(k)) * N
